usual THERAPEUTIC DIETS in the hospital

by

ARISTOTLE MANGULABNAN

1. Clear Liquid Diet

Purpose:relieve thirst and help maintain fluid balanceUse:post-surgically and following acute vomiting or diarrheaFoods allowed:carbonated beverages; coffee (caffeinated and decaff); tea; flavored drinks, strained fruit sugar; popsicles; commercially prepared clear liquids; and hard candyFoods Avoided:milk and milk products, fruit juices with pulp2. Full-Liquid DietPurpose:provide an adequately nutritious diet for patients who cannot chew or who are too ill to do soUse:acute infection with fever, GI upsets, after surgery as a progression from clear liquidsFoods allowed:clear liquids, milk drinks, cook cereals, custards, ice cream, sherbets, eggnog, all strained fruit juices, creamed vegetable soups, puddings, mashed potatoes, instant breakfast drinks, yogurt, mild cheese sauce or pureed meat, and seasoningFoods avoided:nuts, seeds, coconut, fruit, jam, and marmalade3. Soft dietPurpose:provide adequate nutrition for those who have troubled chewingUse:patient with no teeth or ill-fitting dentures; transition from full-liquid to general diet; and for those who cannot tolerate highly seasoned, fried or raw foods following acute infections or gastrointestinal disturbances such as gastric ulcer or cholelithiasisFoods allowed:very tender minced, ground, baked broiled, roasted, stewed, or creamed beef, lamb, veal, liver, poultry, or fish; crisp bacon or sweet bread; cooked vegetables; pasta; all fruit juices; soft raw fruits; soft bread and cereals; all desserts that are soft and cheesesFoods avoided:coarse-whole grain cereals and bread; nuts; raisins; coconut; fruits with small seeds; fried foods; high fat gravies or sauces; spicy salad dressings; pickled meat; fish, or poultry; strong cheeses; brown or wild rice; raw vegetables; as well as lima beans and corn; spices such as horseradish, mustard, and catsup; and popcorn4. Soft-Restricted dietPurpose:reduce sodium content in the tissue and promote excretion of waterUse:heart failure, hypertension, renal disease, cirrhosis, toxemia of pregnancy, and cortisone therapyModifications:mildly restrictive 2g sodium diet to extremely restricted 200mg sodium dietFoods avoided:table salt; all commercial soups, including bouillons; gravy, catsup, mustard, meat sauce and soy sauce; buttermilk, ice cream, and sherbet; sodas; beet greens, carrots, celery, chard, sauerkraut and spinach; all canned vegetables; frozen peas.all baked products containing salt, baking powder, or canned shellfish; all cheeses; smoked or commercially prepared meats; salted butter or margarine; bacon, olives; and commercially prepared salad dressings5. Renal dietPurpose:control protein, potassium, sodium and fluid levels in the bodyUse:acute and chronic renal failure, hemodialysisFoods allowed:- high-biological proteins such as meat, fowl, fish, cheese, and dairy products – range between 20 and 60 mg/day- vegetable such as cabbage, cucumber, and peas are lowest in potassium- potassium is usually limited to 500 mg/day- fluid intake is restricted to the daily volume plus 500 ml, which represents insensible water loss- fluid intake measures water in fruit, vegetables, milk and meatFoods avoided:cereals, bread, macaroni, noodles, spaghetti, avocados, kidney beans, potato chips, raw fruit, yams, soybeans, nuts, gingerbread, apricots, bananas, figs, grapefruit, oranges, percolated coffee,, coca-cola, orange crush, sport drinks, and breakfast drinks such as Tang or Awake6. High-Protein, High Carbohydrate dietPurpose:to correct large protein losses and raises the level of blood albumin. May be modified to include low-fat, low sodium, and low cholesterol dietsUse:burns, hepatitis, cirrhosis, pregnancy, hyperthyroidism, mononucleosis, protein deficiency due to poor eating habits, geriatric patient with poor intake; nephritis, liver and gallbladder disorderFoods allowed:general diet with added proteinFoods avoided:restrictions depend on modifications added to the diet. The modifications are determined by the patients condition7. Purine-Restricted dietPurpose:designed to reduce intake of uric-acid producing foodsUse:high uric acid retention, uric acid renal stones and goutFoods allowed:general diet plus 2-3 quarts of liquid dailyFoods avoided:cheese containing spices of nuts, fried eggs, meat, liver, seafood, lentils, dried peas and beans, broth, boullion, gravies, oatmeal and whole wheat, pasta, noodles, and alcoholic beverages. Limited quantities of meat, fish and seafood allowed8. Bland dietPurpose:Provision of diet low in fiber, roughage, mechanical irritants, and chemical stimulantsUse:gastritis, hyperchlorhydria (excess hydrochloric acid), functional G.I. disorders, gastric atony, diarrhea, spastic constipation, biliary indigestion, and hiatus herniaFoods avoided:- fried foods, including eggs, meat, fish, and seafood; cheese with added nuts or spices; commercially prepared luncheon meats; cured meats such as ham; gravies and sauces; raw vegetables- potato skins; fruit juices with pulp; figs; raisins; fresh fruits; whole wheat; rye bread; bran cereals; rich pastries; pies; chocolate; jams with seeds; nuts; seasoned dressings; caffeinated coffee; strong tea; cocoa; alcoholic and carbonated beverages and pepper9. Low fat, Cholesterol-Restricted dietPurpose:reduce hyperlipedimia, provide dietary treatment for malabsorption syndromes and patient having acute intolerance for fatsUse:hyperlipedimia, atherosclerosis, pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis, sprue, gastrectomy, massive resection of small intestine, and cholecystitisFoods allowed:nonfat milk; low-carbohydrate, low-fat vegetables; most fruits; breads; pastas; cornmeal; lean meatsFoods avoided:- remember to avoid the five C’s of cholesterol-cookies, cream, cake, coconut, chocolate; whole milk or cream products, avocados, olives, commercially prepared baked goods such as donuts and muffins, poultry skin, highly marbled meats- butter, ordinary margarines, olive olive, lard, pudding made with whole milk, ice cream, candies with chocolate, cream, sauces, gravies and commercially fried foods10. Diabetic dietPurpose:maintain blood glucose as near as normal as possible; prevent or delay onset of diabetic complicationsUse:diabetic MellitusFoods allowed:choose foods with low glycemic index compose of:a. 45-55 fatsc. 10-25% CHON- coffee, tea, broth, spices and flavoring can be used as desired- exchange group include: milk, vegetable, fruits, starch/bread, meat (divided in lean, medium fat, and high fat), and fat exchanges_ the number of exchanges allowed from each group is dependent on the total number of calories allowed_ non-nutritive sweeteners (sorbitol) in moderation with controlled, normal weight diabeticsFood avoided:concentrated sweets or regular soft drinks11. Acid and Alkaline dietPurpose:furnish as well balance diet in which the total acid ash is greater than the total alkaline ash each dayUse:retard the formation of renal calculi. The type of diet chosen depends on the laboratory analysis of the stoneAcid and Alkaline ash food groups:a. Acid ash: meat, whole grains, eggs, cheese, cranberries, prunes, plumsb. Alkaline ash: milk, vegetables, fruits (except cranberries, prunes and plums)c. Neutral: sugar, fats, beverages(coffee, tea)Foods allowed:- Breads: any, preferably whole grain; crackers; roll- Cereals: any, preferable whole grainsdesserts: angel food or sunshine cake; cookies made without baking powder or soda; cornstarch, pudding, cranberry desserts, ice cream, sherbet, plum or prune desserts; rice or tapioca pudding- Fats: any, such as butter, margarine, salad dressings, crisco, spry, lard, salad oil, olive oil- Fruits: cranberry, plums, prunes- Meat, eggs, cheese: any meat, fish or fowl, two servings daily; at least one egg daily- Potato substitutes: corn, hominy, lentils, macaroni, noodles, rice, spaghetti, vermicelli- Soup: broth as desired; other soups from food allowed- Sweets: cranberry and plum jelly; plain sugar candyMiscellaneous: cream sauce, gravy, peanut butter, peanuts, popcorn, salt spices, vinegar, walnutsRestricted foods:no more than the amount allowed each day1. Milk: 1 pint daily (may be used in other ways than as beverage)2. Cream: 1/3 cup or less daily3. Fruits: one serving of fruits daily ( in addition to the prunes, plums and cranberries)4. Vegetable: including potatoes: two servings daily5. Sweets; chocolate or candies, syrups6. Miscellaneous: other nuts, olives, pickles12. High-fiber dietPurpose:- soften the stool- exercise digestive tract muscles- speed passage of food through digestive tract to prevent exposure to cancer-causing agents in food- lower blood lipids- prevent sharp rise in glucose after eatingUse:diabetes, hyperlipedimia, constipation, diverticulitis, anticarcinogenics (colon)Foods allowed:- recommended intake about 6g crude fiber daily- all bran cereal- watermelon, prunes, dried peaches, apple with skin; parsnip, peas, brussels, sprout, sunflower seeds13. Low Residue dietPurpose:- reduce stool bulk and slow transit timeUse:bowel inflammation during acute diverticulitis, or ulcerative colitis, preparation for bowel surgery, esophageal and intestinal stenosisFoods allowed:eggs; ground or well-cooked tender meat, fish, poultry; milk, cheeses; strained fruit juice (except prune): cooked or canned apples, apricots, peaches, pears; ripe banana; strained vegetable juice: canned, cooked, or strained asparagus, beets, green beans, pumpkin, squash, spinach; white bread; refined cereals (cream of wheat)see related link in my Fundamentals labels

http://promdinurses.blogspot.com/

Article Source:

usual THERAPEUTIC DIETS in the hospital}